The increases in demand for clean energy and consider on the change of global climate, researchers have been actively discovering new sustainable energy sources and efficient energy conversion technologies. In among of many efforts, energy conversion technologies have extensively catching research interest regarding both their academic fundamentals and industrial fields. In particular, fuel cells, which directly convert fuels to electric energy with their high energy conversion efficiency, ease of operation, and zero/low emissions out leaving toxic substance, have been considered as promising energy conversion devices in the coming future.

The development of inexpensive, stable, and highly efficient electrocatalyst to accelerate the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) becomes a necessary step for fuel cell to date. Ongoing efforts are centered on replacing Pt and other noble metals with abundant and non-precious metals as prospectively valuable approaches. Graphene (GR) has been pronounced as an excellent supporting material due to high mechanical properties, high conductivity, and high electrochemical activity. More importantly, introduction of heteroatoms such as boron (B), nitrogen (N), sulfur (S), etc. into GR is a highly efficient route to alter the chemical, electrical, and catalytic properties of the final materials. And also, the change of electronic GR structure provides much more electrochemically active sites to improve the ORR performance. Improved fuel cell performance by more than 70%, stability, durability and low cost.